Apatient you see routinely in the clinic has elevated liver function tests. ALT is 89, AST is 75, and the total bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase are normal. The patient has no past history of hepatitis, taking medications, or excessive drinking. You order hepatitis serologies. The results are as follows: Positive:HBsAg and anti-HBc. Negative: anti-HBs, anti-HBc IgM, anti-HAV, and anti-HCV Which statement best describes this clinical situation?
Answer(s): A
This patient has chronic hepatitis B. The different serologic studies for hepatitis B are shown in two figures below. The patient does not have acute hepatitis B because the IgM antibody to hepatitis B core is negative, and the total antibody to hepatitis B core is positive. Antibody to hepatitis B core occurs prior to the development of antibody to hepatitis B surface. IgM is found in acute infections; primarily IgG is seen in chronic infections.The presence of antibody tohepatitis B core with a positive hepatitis B surface antigen is indicative of chronic infection. Delta hepatitis infection requires the hepatitis B surface antigen. Delta hepatitis can occur concurrently with acute hepatitis B infection or later in the setting of chronic hepatitis B infection. There is no test for hepatitis C antigen. This is not a presentation of acute hepatitis A, which usually has very high transaminases. The antibody to hepatitis A virus occurs after 1 month and is associated with high transaminases Hepatitis Avaccine is indicated for patients with chronic liver disease. If this patient had hepatitis C, then hepatitis B vaccine would alsobe indicated. Hepatitis B vaccine is essentially hepatitis B surface antigen that causes the production of hepatitis B surface antibody. Since this patient has hepatitis B surface antigen already, choice C would be incorrect. Verifying the diagnosis with a qualitative hepatitis B viral load is not necessary. A quantitative hepatitis B viral load might be useful to evaluate for potential antiviral therapy. The only reason hepatitis Awould be recommended for the patient's spouse would be if the patient had acute hepatitis A. Investigating for other causes of hepatitis is not necessary as the diagnosis of chronic hepatitis B is already established.If the patient was found to be HBeAg positive, he would be considered highly infectious for the spread of hepatitis B. Hepatitis Be antigen is the DNA polymerase that shows active replication of the hepatitis B virion. These patients are 100 times more infectious than those lacking the hepatitis Be antigen. The window period is a situation where a patient is just recovering from hepatitis B. Hepatitis Bs antigen is negative and the antibody to hepatitis Bs has not been developed. The diagnosis is made by antibody to hepatitis B core. This is seen in Figure 1-6. Any patient who is hepatitis B surface antigen positive is at risk for delta hepatitis. This patient would be at risk for delta hepatitis by virtue of having a positive hepatitis B surface antigen. There is no level of transaminases, even normal transaminases, which would preclude antiviral therapy. The level of viral production indicated by the hepatitis B quantitative viral load, along with an assessment of the underlying liver pathology, is the best indication of need for treatment. As mentioned earlier, the antibody to hepatitis B would show the patient is less infectious and likely have a lower viral load.
A 72-year-old diabetic is transferred to your hospital for fever and altered mental status in the late summer. Symptoms started in this patient 1 week prior to admission. On physical examination, the patient was disoriented. There were no focal neurologic findings. There was a fine rash on the patient's trunk. On oral examination, there were tongue fasciculations. A lumbar puncture was performed which showed a glucose of 71 and a protein of 94; microscopy of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) revealed 9 RBC and 14 WBC (21 P, 68 L, 11 H). The creatinine phosphokinase was 506. An electroencephalogram and MRI of the brain were normal. What is the best interpretation of these findings?
Answer(s): C
This is a clinical presentation of West Nile virus infection. The tongue fasciculations go along with an inflammation at the base of the brain. The patient is at the right age for West Nile virus infection and he is immunocompromised due to diabetes. The diagnosis can be made by performing a West Nile virus IgM titer on the CSF. Diabetics can have cryptococcal meningitis. Lumbar puncture in this setting is usually normal with increased opening pressure, and rhabdomyolysis is not a feature of this disease. Diabetics are more at risk for candidiasis. However, the patient has no history of instrumentation, IV catheters, or other situations that would lead to disseminated candidiasis. Diabetics are at increased risk for C. immitis infection, but we have no history of the patient living in an area endemic for this organism. Diabetics are at increased risk for rhinocerebral mucormycosis. An MRI of the head might have shown involvement of the sinus. However, this patient's presentation is not consistent with rhinocerebral mucormycosis.
A 72-year-old diabetic is transferred to your hospital for fever and altered mental status in the late summer. Symptoms started in this patient 1 week prior to admission. On physical examination, the patient was disoriented. There were no focal neurologic findings. There was a fine rash on the patient's trunk. On oral examination, there were tongue fasciculations. A lumbar puncture was performed which showed a glucose of 71 and a protein of 94; microscopy of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) revealed 9 RBC and 14 WBC (21 P, 68 L, 11 H). The creatinine phosphokinase was 506. An electroencephalogram and MRI of the brain were normal.What further diagnostic test is the most appropriate?
A 24-year-old male presents with sore throat, subjective fever, abdominal pain, and bad breath. He says that a neighbor's child is currently being treated for strep throat. On examination, his temperature is 101.1° F and his other vital signs are normal. He appears well. His throat is erythematous and his tonsils are enlarged, but there are no pharyngeal or tonsillar exudates. He has no cervical adenopathy. He has an occasional cough but his lungs are clear. His abdominal examination is normal. The presence of which of the following findings is a clinical predictor for the diagnosis of streptococcal pharyngitis?
Pharyngitis is a commonly encountered problem in primary care. Patients with upper respiratory symptoms are often convinced that they need antibiotics. Often the etiology is viral, but ruling out bacterial etiology is crucial as the secondary complications can be severe. In terms of group Astrep pharyngitis, it is often difficult to make a clinical diagnosis based on one or two factors. Many studies have been performed to guide the clinician in making an empiric diagnosis of group A strep pharyngitis. Fever, tonsillar exudates, tender anterior cervical lymphadenopathy, absence of cough and tonsillar hypertrophy are all positive predictors. A patient who has at least two of these criteria should have a rapid strep test or culture--with treatment initiated if the test is positive. When a patient meets three or more criteria and is ill appearing, empiric treatment may be justified. If the patient has a negative rapid strep test and the clinician is suspicious, empiric treatment may be started and throat culture should be obtained. Apatient with a positive culture or rapid strep test should be treated, but a test of cure does not need to be performed. The throat culture has a sensitivity of 97% and specificity of 99%, while the rapid strep test has a sensitivity of 8097% and a specificity of >95%.
A 24-year-old male presents with sore throat, subjective fever, abdominal pain, and bad breath. He says that a neighbor's child is currently being treated for strep throat. On examination, his temperature is 101.1° F and his other vital signs are normal. He appears well. His throat is erythematous and his tonsils are enlarged, but there are no pharyngeal or tonsillar exudates. He has no cervical adenopathy. He has an occasional cough but his lungs are clear. His abdominal examination is normal. The presence of which of the following findings is a clinical predictor for the diagnosis of streptococcal pharyngitis?Which of the following is the recommended first-line agent for the treatment of group A streptococcal pharyngitis?
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