312-38 Exam Questions and Answers | Exam-Dumps (Page: 8)

QUESTION: 36

Which of the following layers of the TCP/IP model maintains data integrity by ensuring that messages are delivered in the order in which they are sent and that there is no loss or duplication?

Transport layer
Link layer
Internet layer
Application layer

Answer(s): A

Explanation:

The transport layer ensures that messages are delivered in the order in which they are sent and that there is no loss or duplication. Transport layer maintains data integrity.
Answer option C is incorrect. The Internet Layer of the TCP/IP model solves the problem of sending packets across one or more networks. Internetworking requires sending data from the source network to the destination network. This process is called routing. IP can carry data for a number of different upper layer protocols.
Answer option B is incorrect. The Link Layer of TCP/IP model is the networking scope of the local network connection to which a host is attached. This is the lowest component layer of the Internet protocols, as TCP/IP is designed to be hardware independent. As a result, TCP/IP has been implemented on top of virtually any hardware networking technology in existence. The Link Layer is used to move packets between the Internet Layer interfaces of two different hosts on the same link. The processes of transmitting and receiving packets on a given link can be controlled both in the software device driver for the network card, as well as on firmware or specialized chipsets.
Answer option D is incorrect. The Application Layer of TCP/IP model refers to the higher-level protocols used by most applications for network communication. Examples of application layer protocols include the File Transfer Protocol (FTP) and the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP). Data coded according to application layer protocols are then encapsulated into one or more transport layer protocols, which in turn use lower layer protocols to affect actual data transfer.

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QUESTION: 37

Which of the following is a telecommunication service designed for cost-efficient data transmission for intermittent traffic between local area networks (LANs) and between end-points in a wide area network (WAN)?

PPP
Frame relay
ISDN
X.25
None

Answer(s): B

Explanation:

Frame relay is a telecommunication service designed for cost-efficient data transmission for intermittent traffic between local area networks (LANs) and between end-points in a wide area network (WAN). Frame relay puts data in a variable-size unit called a frame. It checks for lesser errors as compared to other traditional forms of packet switching and hence speeds up data transmission. When an error is detected in a frame, it is simply dropped. The end points are responsible for detecting and retransmitting dropped frames.
Answer option C is incorrect. Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) is a digital telephone/ telecommunication network that carries voice, data, and video over an existing telephone network infrastructure. It requires an ISDN modem at both the ends of a transmission. ISDN is designed to provide a single interface for hooking up a telephone, fax machine, computer, etc. ISDN has two levels of service, i.e.,

Basic Rate Interface (BRI) and Primary Rate Interface (PRI).
Answer option A is incorrect. The Point-to-Point Protocol, or PPP, is a data link protocol commonly used to establish a direct connection between two networking nodes. It can provide connection authentication, transmission encryption privacy, and compression. PPP is commonly used as a data link layer protocol for connection over synchronous and asynchronous circuits, where it has largely superseded the older, non- standard Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP) and telephone company mandated standards (such as Link Access Protocol, Balanced (LAPB) in the X.25 protocol suite). PPP was designed to work with numerous network layer protocols, including Internet Protocol (IP), Novell's Internetwork Packet Exchange (IPX), NBF, and AppleTalk.
Answer option D is incorrect. The X.25 protocol, adopted as a standard by the Consultative Committee for International Telegraph and Telephone (CCITT), is a commonly-used network protocol. The X.25 protocol allows computers on different public networks (such as CompuServe, Tymnet, or a TCP/IP network) to communicate through an intermediary computer at the network layer level. X.25's protocols correspond closely to the data-link and physical-layer protocols defined in the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) communication model.

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QUESTION: 38

Which of the following policies is a set of rules designed to enhance computer security by encouraging users to employ strong passwords and use them properly?

Information protection policy
Remote access policy
Group policy
Password policy

Answer(s): D

Explanation:

A password policy is a set of rules designed to enhance computer security by encouraging users to employ strong passwords and use them properly. Password policies are account policies that are related to the users' accounts. Such policies are password-related settings that provide different constraints for the password's usage. Password policies can be configured to enforce users to provide passwords only in a specific way when they try to log on to their computers. These policies increase the effectiveness of the user's computers. Answer option C is incorrect. A group policy specifies how programs, network resources, and the operating system work for users and computers in an organization.
Answer option A is incorrect. An information protection policy ensures that information is appropriately protected from modification or disclosure.
Answer option B is incorrect. Remote access policy is a document that outlines and defines acceptable methods of remotely connecting to the internal network.

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QUESTION: 39

Which of the following biometric devices is used to take impressions of the friction ridges of the skin on the underside of the tip of the fingers?

Facial recognition device
Iris camera
Voice recognition voiceprint
Fingerprint reader

Answer(s): D

Explanation:

A fingerprint reader is used to take impressions of the friction ridges of the skin on the underside of the tip of the fingers. Fingerprints help in identifying users and are unique and different to everyone and do not change over time. Even identical twins who share their DNA do not have the same fingerprints. Police and Government agencies have used these modes in order to identify humans for many years, but other agencies are starting to use biometric fingerprint readers for identification in many different applications. A fingerprint is created when the friction ridges of the skin come in contact with a surface that is receptive to a print by means of an agent to form the print like perspiration, oil, ink, grease, and many more. The agent is then transferred to the surface and leaves an impression which creates the fingerprint.
Answer option B is incorrect. An iris camera is used to perform recognition detection of a user's identity by mathematical analysis of the random patterns that are visible within the iris of an eye from some distance. It is used to combine computer vision, pattern recognition, statistical inference, and optics.
Answer option A is incorrect. A facial recognition device helps in viewing an image or video of a person and compares it to one that is in the database. It performs facial recognition by comparing the following: Structure, shape, and proportions of the face Distance between the eyes, nose, mouth, and jaw Upper outlines of the eye sockets The sides of the mouth Location of the nose and eyes The area surrounding the check bones. Answer option C is incorrect. A voice recognition voiceprint is a spectrogram, which is a graph that shows a sound's frequency on the vertical axis and time on the horizontal axis. Different speech sounds help in creating different shapes on the graph. Spectrograms also use color or shades of gray to represent the acoustical qualities of sound.

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QUESTION: 40

Peter, a malicious hacker, obtains e-mail addresses by harvesting them from postings, blogs, DNS listings, and Web pages. He then sends a large number of unsolicited commercial e-mail (UCE) messages to these addresses. Which of the following e-mail crimes is Peter committing?

E-mail spam
E-mail storm
E-mail bombing
E-mail spoofing

Answer(s): A

Explanation:

Peter is performing spamming activity. Spam is a term that refers to the unsolicited e-mails sent to a large number of e-mail users. The number of such e-mails is increasing day by day, as most companies now prefer to use e-mails for promoting their products. Because of these unsolicited e-mails, legitimate e-mails take a much longer time to deliver to their destination. The attachments sent through spam may also contain viruses. However, spam can be stopped by implementing spam filters on servers and e-mail clients.
Answer option C is incorrect. Mail bombing is an attack that is used to overwhelm mail servers and clients by sending a large number of unwanted e-mails. The aim of this type of attack is to completely fill the recipient's hard disk with immense, useless files, causing at best irritation, and at worst total computer failure. E-mail filtering and properly configuring email relay functionality on mail servers can be helpful for protection against this type of attack.
Answer option B is incorrect. An e-mail storm is a sudden spike of Reply All messages on an e-mail distribution list, usually caused by a controversial or misdirected message. Such storms start when multiple members of the distribution list reply to the entire list at the same time
in response to an instigating message. Other members soon respond, usually adding vitriol to the discussion, asking to be removed from the list, or pleading for the cessation of messages. If enough members reply to these unwanted messages, this triggers a chain reaction of e-mail messages. The sheer load of traffic generated by these storms can render the e-mail servers carrying them inoperative, similar to a DDoS attack. Some e-mail viruses also have the capacity to create e-mail storms, by sending copies of themselves to an infected user's contacts, including distribution lists, infecting the contacts in turn.
Answer option D is incorrect. E-mail spoofing is a term used to describe e-mail activity in which the sender address and other parts of the e-mail header are altered to appear as though the e-mail originated from a different source. E-mail spoofing is a technique commonly used for spam e-mail and phishing to hide the origin of an e-mail message. By changing certain properties of the e-mail, such as the From, Return-Path, and Reply-

To fields (which can be found in the message header), ill-intentioned users can make the e-mail appear to be from someone other than the actual sender. The result is that, although the e-mail appears to come from the address indicated in the From field, it actually comes from another source.

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EC-Council 312-38 Exam (page: 8) EC-Council Certified Network Defender Updated on: 09-Feb-2026

QUESTION: 36

Explanation:

QUESTION: 37

Explanation:

QUESTION: 38

Explanation:

QUESTION: 39

Explanation:

QUESTION: 40

Explanation:

EC-Council 312-38 Exam (page: 8)
EC-Council Certified Network Defender
Updated on: 09-Feb-2026