A team of scientists uses the Hubble Space Telescope to search for evidence of planets orbiting distant stars.Which kind of investigation are they carrying out?
Answer(s): D
The team of scientists is using the Hubble Space Telescope to search for evidence of planets orbiting distant stars. This method involves observing celestial phenomena without manipulating any variables, making it an observational study. Unlike controlled experiments or laboratory experiments, observational studies rely on gathering data by watching natural occurrences in the environment being studied. In this case, they are observing the light from stars to infer the presence of planets.
Integrated Physical Sciences, Chapter 2: Methods of Scientific Investigation
Which question would be appropriate for an observational study?
Answer(s): B
An observational study involves collecting data without manipulating any variables. The question "What is the brightest star that can be seen from Earth?" fits this criteria as it involves observing and recording data about stars without any experimental intervention. Other options involve controlled experiments where variables are manipulated.
A scientist wants to determine how the speed of flowing water affects the size of sediment particles it can carry. The scientist places a mix of sediment particles in the bottom of a trough and runs water through the trough. The scientist varies the speed of the water and measures the sizes of the particles that the water carries away.Which type of investigation is the scientist using?
The scientist is determining how the speed of flowing water affects the size of sediment particles it can carry by varying the water speed and measuring the sediment sizes. This involves manipulating one variable (water speed) and observing the effect on another variable (sediment size), which is the essence of a controlled experiment. The setting and control of conditions ensure that the experimenter can establish a cause-and-effect relationship.
An appropriate question for an observational study is one that involves collecting data through observation without manipulation. "What types of rocks are found at a convergent boundary?" requires observing and identifying the types of rocks naturally occurring at such geological formations. It doesn't involve changing any variables, fitting the definition of an observational study.
Numerous experiments have confirmed that if the distance between a light source and an observer is doubled, the intensity of the light as viewed by the observer decreases by a factor of four.Which type of scientific statement is this?
Answer(s): A
The statement that if the distance between a light source and an observer is doubled, the intensity of the light decreases by a factor of four, describes a consistent, repeatable observation that has been confirmed through numerous experiments. This describes a scientific law, specifically the inverse square law of light. A law summarizes a pattern found in nature, whereas a hypothesis is an untested prediction, a theory is a well-substantiated explanation, and an inference is a conclusion drawn from evidence.
Integrated Physical Sciences, Chapter 4: Scientific Laws and Theories
Kepler discovered that planets move in elliptical paths around the sun. Repeated observations have confirmed Kepler's finding.Which type of scientific statement is Kepler's discovery?
Answer(s): C
Kepler's discovery that planets move in elliptical paths around the sun is an example of a scientific law. A scientific law describes a relationship in nature that has been consistently observed to be true. Kepler's laws of planetary motion describe the predictable patterns of planetary orbits, which have been repeatedly confirmed through observation.
Sir Isaac Newton discovered that when one object applies a force to another object, the second object applies an equal force to the first object. Since Newton did his work, numerous investigations have confirmed this relationship.Which type of scientific statement is this?
Newton's discovery that when one object applies a force to another, the second object applies an equal force back is known as Newton's third law of motion. This statement is a scientific law because it describes a fundamental and consistent principle observed in nature. It has been validated through numerous experiments and observations.
A grocery store manager notices that items placed on the end of an aisle sell better than items on the shelves. The manager suspects that items on the end of an aisle are more visible to customers walking past, so customers are more likely to purchase them.Which type of scientific idea is the manager's assumption that visibility of items increases how often they are purchased?
The grocery store manager's assumption that visibility of items increases how often they are purchased is a hypothesis. A hypothesis is a testable prediction or explanation that can be investigated through experiments or observations. In this case, the manager's idea can be tested by placing items in different locations and measuring their sales.
Integrated Physical Sciences, Chapter 1: The Nature of Scientific Inquiry
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