A28-year-old woman presents for evaluation of primary infertility. She has had fewer than four periods per year since menarche at age 14, facial hirsutism, acne, and weight gain. On examination, she has a BP 150/100. Her body mass index (BMI) is 40. Acanthosis nigricans is noted along the posterior surface of her neck. How would you counsel this patient?
Answer(s): B
The patient has the typical features of PCOS associated with insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome. The presence of hyperandrogenism and oligomenorrhea, without other known causes (such as congenital adrenal hyperplasia), makes the diagnosis of PCOS. The hirsutism and acne are the result of the hyperandrogenism associated with PCOS. Thyroid disorders and hyperprolactinemia can contribute to menstrual disturbances but would not be expected to cause the signs of androgen excess or A. nigricans. A cosyntropin stimulation test would be used for the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency. Growth hormone levels may be elevated in acromegaly or in some pituitary tumors. Women with PCOS have a high risk of glucose intolerance, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. Individuals with insulin resistance syndromes typically exhibit hypertriglyceridemia with low HDLlevels. The key to management of PCOS is weight loss. Even modest weight loss (1020 lbs) can result in significant improvement in metabolic and physiologic parameters, such as blood pressure and insulin resistance, and improved fertility
A 34-year-old female sex worker presents with a several week history of fatigue, malaise, fever, and a 10- lb weight loss. Over the last 2 weeks, the patient noted a rash on her face, torso, arms, legs, palms, and soles. The patient is HIV negative on a test 2 months ago, has had hepatitis B, gonorrhea, and chlamydia. The patient has an oral temperature of 100.6°F, and generalized lymphadenopathy. The patient does not have any lesions in the mucous membranes.What is the diagnostic test most likely to explain this clinical presentation?
Answer(s): D
The skin lesions as shown in Figures show erythematous maculopapular lesions. There are only a few conditions that cause a rash on the palms and soles. These include syphilis, gonorrhea, and Stevens- Johnson syndrome. Disseminated gonnorhea does not cause lesions on the face. This is not a potential presentation of hepatitis B or chlamydia. Askin biopsy is not indicated. RPR and MHA-TP tests will be positive in syphilis in a high titer. All patients with syphilis need to have HIV testing. The rash of primary HIV infection is a faint erythematous rash on the trunk and is not always present. Early in primary HIV infection, a PCR determination can be negative. In the absence of neurosyphilis, benzthine penicillin 2.4 million units IM weekly for 3 weeks is the treatment of choice for patients with syphilis of unknown duration or greater than a year. While azithromycin 1 g orally will treat gonorrhea and chlamydia, it will not treat syphilis. Aqueous penicillin 4 million units intravenously every 4 hours for 14 days is the treatment of choice for neurosyphilis. An alternate treatment for latent syphilis in patients who are penicillin allergic is doxycycline 100 mg twice daily for 30 days. Oral corticosteroids are not indicated in this case.
A 34-year-old female sex worker presents with a several week history of fatigue, malaise, fever, and a 10- lb weight loss. Over the last 2 weeks, the patient noted a rash on her face, torso, arms, legs, palms, and soles. The patient is HIV negative on a test 2 months ago, has had hepatitis B, gonorrhea, and chlamydia. The patient has an oral temperature of 100.6°F, and generalized lymphadenopathy. The patient does not have any lesions in the mucous membranes.What is the appropriate treatment?
Answer(s): A
A 58-year-old male presents to your office for a well-male examination. It has been several years since he last visited a doctor, but he states that he has been in "excellent health." He denies any history of drinking, smoking, or using illegal drugs. He maintains a diet low in sodium and fat. An avid sports enthusiast, he also spends at least 2 hours per day engaged in some type of outdoor physical activity. On physical examination, you discover a translucent waxy papule with raised borders on the posterior aspect of his left shoulder.Which of the following is true of this patient's skin condition?
Nonmelanoma skin cancer is the most common cancer in the United States. Of this group of cancers, approximately 7080% are basal cell carcinomas (BCC). The majority of the remaining 2030% are squamous cell carcinomas (SCC). Metastasis is less common in BCC than SCC, with an estimated risk for metastasis of less than 0.1%. There is no evidence that total body skin examination reduces morbidity or mortality associated with BCC. The cure rate of BCC ranges anywhere from 80 to 99% depending on the treatment modality employed. Despite adequate treatment, individuals with a prior BCC lesion are at increased risk for development of a subsequent BCC (with a 40% risk of development 35 years after treatment).The most important risk factor for development of BCC is exposure to UVB (or shortwavelength ultraviolet) radiation. There is some evidence, however, that UVA (or longwavelength ultraviolet) radiation also confers a risk. Sporadic, intense episodes of sun exposure, particularly during childhood, are associated with increased risk of BCC development later in life. Conversely, SCC is apparently associated with cumulative sun exposure, regardless of intensity. Other risk factors implicated in BCC development include arsenic exposure, immunosuppression, exposure to other forms of radiation, and the presence of other skin- affecting conditions such as xeroderma pigmentosum and basal cell nevus syndrome.
A 58-year-old male presents to your office for a well-male examination. It has been several years since he last visited a doctor, but he states that he has been in "excellent health." He denies any history of drinking, smoking, or using illegal drugs. He maintains a diet low in sodium and fat. An avid sports enthusiast, he also spends at least 2 hours per day engaged in some type of outdoor physical activity. On physical examination, you discover a translucent waxy papule with raised borders on the posterior aspect of his left shoulder.Which of the following is the most important risk factor for development of this skin condition?
Answer(s): E
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