Test Prep CLEP Science and Mathematics Exam (page: 6)
Test Prep CLEP Science and Mathematics: Biology, Calculus, Chemistry, College Algebra & Mathematics, Precalculus, Natural Sciences
Updated on: 24-Mar-2026

The oxygen dissociation curve of human fetal hemoglobin differs significantly from that of the mother, as shown below. What characteristic of fetal hemoglobin might account for the fact that fetal hemoglobin is able to pick up oxygen from the mother's blood at a significant distance from the mother's lungs?

  1. The hemoglobin of the fetus cannot bind oxygen as strongly as the hemoglobin of the mother.
  2. Fetal hemoglobin binds oxygen at lower partial pressures and becomes fully saturated at lower partial pressures.
  3. Fetal hemoglobin has iron unlike maternal hemoglobin.
  4. Fetal hemoglobin needs higher partial pressures of oxygen than maternal hemoglobin in order to become fully saturated with oxygen.
  5. There is more hemoglobin packed into the red blood cells of fetuses than into the red blood cells of adults.

Answer(s): B

Explanation:

The choice that makes the most sense here is that fetal hemoglobin can bind to oxygen at lower partial pressures. The "pressure" of oxygen is highest in the bloodstream at the lungs but falls progressively as blood moves through the body, since oxygen is leaving and there is less oxygen gas. By the time maternal blood reaches the placenta, the partial pressure of oxygen has fallen dramatically, yet fetal hemoglobin is able to fully saturate itself with oxygen at these lower partial pressures, something that adult hemoglobin could not do. This is an important physiological adaptation for the fetus in order to pull the maximum amount of oxygen from the mother's bloodstream into the fetal bloodstream.



Red plants (R) are dominant to green plants (r). Crossing homozygous red plants with homozygous green plants would result in which of the following phenotype/genotype combinations?

  1. RR.. red
  2. Rr.. red
  3. rr.. green
  4. rr.. red
  5. Rr.. red with green patches

Answer(s): B

Explanation:

Crossing red plants (RR) with green ones (rr) would result in 100% Rr offspring, which would all be red since they have at least one copy of the dominant allele (R).



Proteins that bind to the surfaces of pathogens and help to destroy the pathogens are known as

  1. antibodies
  2. antigens
  3. histamine
  4. macrophages
  5. hormones

Answer(s): A

Explanation:

Antibodies are Y-shaped proteins secreted by plasma B cells. These proteins can attach to and cause the clumping together of pathogenic cells or toxin molecules, which are then engulfed and destroyed by macrophages. The antigens are the foreign proteins on the pathogen surface that the antibodies bind to.



Mammals share all of the following characteristics with other vertebrates EXCEPT

  1. lungs
  2. egg-laying ability
  3. vertebrae
  4. endothermy
  5. mammary glands

Answer(s): E

Explanation:

Only mammals have mammary glands (breasts) for milk production. All other features listed are shared with at least one

other group of vertebrates. All vertebrates from fish to mammals have representative species with lungs; all vertebrate groups have some species that can lay eggs; and, birds share endothermy, or warm-bloodedness, with mammals.



The graph below shows the effectiveness of an enzyme at various temperatures ranging from 0 degrees Celsius to 60 degrees Celsius. What is the best explanation for the behavior of this enzyme at temperatures higher than approximately 40 degrees Celsius?

  1. The heat has caused the enzyme and substrate molecules to move more slowly.
  2. The enzyme cannot get any more oxygen at warmer temperatures and dies.
  3. The enzyme becomes denatured and loses its 3-D structure.
  4. The enzyme becomes more active due to the increased availability of substrate molecules at higher temperatures.
  5. A second enzyme had destroyed the active sites on the enzyme being examined.

Answer(s): C

Explanation:

The best explanation is that heat had caused the denaturation of the enzyme. Enzymes are sensitive to temperature, pH, and certain other conditions. If the conditions become too extreme, enzymes lose their 3-D shapes and cannot function.



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