Which two tasks should be performed when creating a new user account on a Junos device? (Choose two.)
Answer(s): A,C
Creating a new user account in Junos OS involves several specific steps within the [edit system login] configuration hierarchy. To establish a functional and secure user account, an administrator must first define the username and assign that user to a login class. Login classes are essential because they define the permissions and access levels for the user, such as super-user, read-only, or operator. Without a login class, a user would have no permissions to perform tasks within the CLI.The second mandatory task is to configure an authentication method for the user, most commonly a password. This is typically done using the authentication plain-text-password command, which prompts the administrator to enter and confirm the secret string that the system then hashes and stores.While Junos also supports public-key authentication for SSH, a local password remains the standard for basic access control. It is important to note that SSH access is generally controlled at the system level under [edit system services] and does not need to be enabled on a per-user basis individually. Furthermore, allowing a user to bypass authentication is contrary to the Junos security model and is not a standard task in user account creation. Reference:User Interfaces, User Management, Login Classes.
Which command is used to view real-time traffic statistics for all interfaces?
Answer(s): B
In Junos OS, there is a distinct difference between show commands and monitor commands.While show commands provide a static snapshot of the current state of the device or its interfaces at the moment the command is executed, monitor commands provide dynamic, real-time updates. To view live traffic statistics across all physical and logical interfaces, the correct command is monitor interface traffic.When this command is executed, the CLI enters an interactive text-based interface (TUI) that displays a list of interfaces along with their input and output rates in bits per second (bps) and packets per second (pps). The display refreshes automatically (usually every few seconds), allowing an administrator to observe traffic spikes or drops as they occur without manually re-running a command. This is an invaluable tool for troubleshooting congestion or verifying that traffic is flowing as expected after a configuration change. Commands like show interfaces extensive provide significantly more detail—including error counters and physical layer parameters—but they are not real-time and require manual execution to update the statistics. The monitor interface traffic command simplifies the view to focus specifically on throughput metrics across the entire device. Reference:Operational Monitoring and Maintenance, Interface Monitoring, Real-time Statistics.
Which statement accurately describes the Junos candidate configuration?
Answer(s): D
In the Junos OS architecture, the configuration environment is strictly bifurcated to ensure system stability and integrity. The candidate configuration is a specific database that serves as a staging area, storing all proposed changes made by an administrator during a configuration session before they are finalized. Unlike other network operating systems where changes might take effect immediately upon entry, Junos utilizes this "sandbox" approach where modifications reside only in the candidate database until a commit command is explicitly executed.Once the commit process is initiated, the Junos OS kernel validates the candidate configuration for syntax errors and logical consistency. If the validation check is successful, the candidate configuration is promoted and becomes the active configuration—the operational state currently running on the device hardware. This separation allows multiple administrators to work on complex changes without impacting live transit traffic or device stability prematurely. If a mistake is identified during the editing process, the candidate configuration can be easily discarded or compared against the active state to identify discrepancies. This workflow is a cornerstone of Junos OS, facilitating a "check-before-apply" methodology that is essential for carrier-grade reliability and minimizing the risk of accidental outages during critical maintenance windows. Reference:Junos OS Fundamentals, Configuration Databases, Candidate vs. Active.
Which two traffic types are processed by a Routing Engine using Junos OS? (Choose two.)
Answer(s): C,D
The Routing Engine (RE) in a Junos device serves as the centralized intelligence and management hub, primarily responsible for the control and management planes of the system. In this capacity, the RE is tasked with processing routing updates, such as OSPF Link State Advertisements (LSAs) or BGP Update messages. These updates are vital for the RE to maintain the Routing Information Base (RIB), calculate the shortest paths, and subsequently populate the Forwarding Information Base (FIB) which is then pushed to the Packet Forwarding Engine (PFE).Furthermore, the Routing Engine handles all local management traffic. This category encompasses administrative access through the Command Line Interface (CLI) via SSH or Telnet, SNMP queries from network management systems, and system logging processes. Because the RE runs the Junos OS kernel, it must directly interpret and respond to these management-level requests to ensure the device remains configurable and observable. Conversely, transit traffic—the data passing through the device from one ingress port to an egress port—is offloaded to the PFE to be handled at wire speed.While the PFE manages the heavy lifting of data forwarding and Class of Service (CoS) application, the RE remains focused on high-level protocol maintenance and system administration, ensuring that control plane stability is maintained even under heavy traffic loads. Reference:Junos OS Fundamentals, Control Plane Functions, Routing Engine Traffic.
Which two tasks would you perform in operational mode? (Choose two.)
Answer(s): A,B
The Junos Command Line Interface (CLI) is structured into two primary hierarchical modes: operational mode and configuration mode. Operational mode is the default entry point when a user logs into the device, signified by the > prompt. This mode is designed for monitoring the health of the device, troubleshooting network issues, and executing system-level maintenance tasks. Specifically, an administrator uses operational mode to verify the version of Junos OS currently active on the device using the show version command.Additionally, system-level administrative actions that do not involve modifying the device's persistent configuration logic are performed within the operational mode. This includes requesting the system to reboot or halt via the request system hierarchy of commands. In contrast, tasks that involve manipulating the configuration database—such as committing proposed changes or rolling back to a previous configuration version—require the user to transition into configuration mode, indicated by the # prompt. Understanding this distinction is vital for efficient navigation of the Junos CLI; while operational mode provides the tools to observe the system and manage its physical state, configuration mode is reserved for altering the logical parameters and routing policies that govern device behavior. Reference:User Interfaces, CLI Modes, Operational Mode Commands.
Which two statements describe rollback configuration behavior in Junos OS? (Choose two.)
Junos OS incorporates a robust configuration versioning and recovery system designed to protect against configuration errors and human oversight. A key feature of this system is that rollback files are stored automatically by the device after each successful commit. These files represent a historical record of previous active configurations. By default, the system maintains a set number of these files, allowing an administrator to revert to a previous state (e.g., rollback 1) if the most recent changes result in unexpected network instability.Another critical safety mechanism is the behavior associated with the commit confirmed command. If an administrator issues this command but fails to provide a subsequent confirmation within a designated timeframe (defaulting to 10 minutes), the system assumes a loss of management connectivity. Consequently, the rollback configurations are applied automatically after the commit confirmed timeout to restore the previous known-good state. This is an essential best practice for remote configuration management. It is important to note that rollback 0 refers to the currently active configuration, not the factory default, and that while Junos supports maintaining a large number of rollback files, the primary operational benefit lies in the automated storage and confirmation-based recovery processes that ensure the device remains reachable and stable. Reference:Configuration Basics, Rollback Configurations, Commit Confirmed Logic.
Which two tasks are performed by the Routing Engine in a Junos device? (Choose two.)
The Routing Engine (RE) functions as the centralized processor and administrative core of any Junos OS-based platform. Its primary responsibility involves the execution and maintenance of the control plane, which includes running all active routing protocols such as OSPF, BGP, and IS-IS. Through these protocols, the RE exchanges topology information with neighboring routers, builds the Routing Information Base (RIB), and calculates the optimal paths for traffic. Once these paths are determined, the RE distributes the resulting Forwarding Information Base (FIB) to the Packet Forwarding Engine (PFE) for hardware-level execution.In addition to its protocol duties, the Routing Engine manages the device configuration and the overall system environment. This includes providing the user interface (CLI or J-Web), managing the candidate and active configuration databases, and handling the commit process.While the PFE is specifically designed to forward transit traffic and evaluate that traffic against firewall filters at line rate, the RE focuses on the higher-level logic and management tasks. This architectural separation ensures that management functions—such as a complex configuration commit or a protocol re-convergence event—do not degrade the performance of the data plane, allowing the device to continue forwarding user traffic without interruption. Reference:Junos OS Fundamentals, Routing Engine Functions, Management and Control Planes.
Which two operational mode commands would you use to verify CPU and memory utilization on a Junos device? (Choose two.)
In the Junos OS architecture, maintaining visibility into the health of the Routing Engine (RE) is paramount for ensuring control plane stability. The command show chassis routing-engine is the primary tool for a high-level hardware status overview. It provides critical telemetry regarding the RE's current CPU utilization (broken down by user, background, and kernel tasks), memory usage statistics, and uptime. This command is essential for identifying if the device's "brain" is under significant stress due to heavy protocol processing or management tasks.For a more granular, process-specific analysis, the show system processes extensive command is utilized. Similar to the 'top' utility in Unix-based systems, it lists all active software daemons (such as rpd for routing, dcd for interfaces, and mgd for management) and ranks them by their real-time CPU and memory consumption. This allows an architect to pinpoint exactly which process might be causing a performance bottleneck.While show chassis environment focuses on physical hardware health like temperatures and fan speeds, and resource-monitor provides summary data, the combination of show chassis routing-engine and show system processes extensive offers the most comprehensive diagnostic view of the device's internal computational resources. Reference:Operational Monitoring and Maintenance, System Health Monitoring.
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