SSCP Exam Questions and Answers | Exam-Dumps (Page: 26)

QUESTION: 128 Topic: 1, Access Control

Which access control model provides upper and lower bounds of access capabilities for a subject?

Role-based access control
Lattice-based access control
Biba access control
Content-dependent access control

Answer(s): B

Explanation:

In the lattice model, users are assigned security clearences and the data is classified. Access decisions are made based on the clearence of the user and the classification of the object. Lattice-based access control is an essential ingredient of formal security models such as Bell-LaPadula, Biba, Chinese Wall, etc.
The bounds concept comes from the formal definition of a lattice as a "partially ordered set for which every pair of elements has a greatest lower bound and a least upper bound." To see the application, consider a file classified as "SECRET" and a user Joe with a security clearence of "TOP SECRET." Under Bell-LaPadula, Joe's "least upper bound" access to the file is "READ" and his least lower bound is "NO WRITE" (star property).
Role-based access control is incorrect. Under RBAC, the access is controlled by the permissions assigned to a role and the specific role assigned to the user.
Biba access control is incorrect. The Biba integrity model is based on a lattice structure but the context of the question disqualiifes it as the best answer.
Content-dependent access control is incorrect. In content dependent access control, the actual content of the information determines access as enforced by the arbiter.

Reference:

CBK, pp. 324-325.
AIO3, pp. 291-293. See aprticularly Figure 5-19 on p. 293 for an illustration of bounds in action.

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QUESTION: 129 Topic: 1, Access Control

How are memory cards and smart cards different?

Memory cards normally hold more memory than smart cards
Smart cards provide a two-factor authentication whereas memory cards don't
Memory cards have no processing power
Only smart cards can be used for ATM cards

Answer(s): C

Explanation:

The main difference between memory cards and smart cards is their capacity to process information. A memory card holds information but cannot process information. A smart card holds information and has the necessary hardware and software to actually process that
information.
A memory card holds a user's authentication information, so that this user needs only type in a user ID or PIN and presents the memory card to the system. If the entered information and the stored information match and are approved by an authentication service, the user is successfully authenticated.
A common example of a memory card is a swipe card used to provide entry to a building. The user enters a PIN and swipes the memory card through a card reader. If this is the correct combination, the reader flashes green and the individual can open the door and enter the building.
Memory cards can also be used with computers, but they require a reader to process the information. The reader adds cost to the process, especially when one is needed for every computer. Additionally, the overhead of PIN and card generation adds additional overhead and complexity to the whole authentication process. However, a memory card provides a more secure authentication method than using only a password because the attacker would need to obtain the card and know the correct PIN.
Administrators and management need to weigh the costs and benefits of a memory card implementation as well as the security needs of the organization to determine if it is the right authentication mechanism for their environment.
One of the most prevalent weaknesses of memory cards is that data stored on the card are not protected. Unencrypted data on the card (or stored on the magnetic strip) can be extracted or copied. Unlike a smart card, where security controls and logic are embedded in the integrated circuit, memory cards do not employ an inherent mechanism to protect the data from exposure. Very little trust can be associated with confidentiality and integrity of information on the memory cards.
The following answers are incorrect:
"Smart cards provide two-factor authentication whereas memory cards don't" is incorrect. This is not necessarily true. A memory card can be combined with a pin or password to offer two factors authentication where something you have and something you know are used for factors.
"Memory cards normally hold more memory than smart cards" is incorrect. While a memory card may or may not have more memory than a smart card, this is certainly not the best answer to the question.
"Only smart cards can be used for ATM cards" is incorrect. This depends on the decisions made by the particular institution and is not the best answer to the question.

Reference:

Shon Harris, CISSP All In One, 6th edition , Access Control, Page 199 and also for people using the Kindle edition of the book you can look at Locations 4647-4650. Schneiter, Andrew (2013-04-15). Official (ISC)2 Guide to the CISSP CBK, Third Edition : Access Control ((ISC)2 Press) (Kindle Locations 2124-2139). Auerbach Publications. Kindle Edition.

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QUESTION: 130 Topic: 1, Access Control

Why do buffer overflows happen? What is the main cause?

Because buffers can only hold so much data
Because of improper parameter checking within the application
Because they are an easy weakness to exploit
Because of insufficient system memory

Answer(s): B

Explanation:

Buffer Overflow attack takes advantage of improper parameter checking within the application. This is the classic form of buffer overflow and occurs because the programmer accepts whatever input the user supplies without checking to make sure that the length of the input is less than the size of the buffer in the program.
The buffer overflow problem is one of the oldest and most common problems in software development and programming, dating back to the introduction of interactive computing. It can result when a program fills up the assigned buffer of memory with more data than its buffer can hold. When the program begins to write beyond the end of the buffer, the program's execution path can be changed, or data can be written into areas used by the operating system itself. This can lead to the insertion of malicious code that can be used to gain administrative privileges on the program or system.
As explained by Gaurab, it can become very complex. At the time of input even if you are checking the length of the input, it has to be check against the buffer size. Consider a case where entry point of data is stored in Buffer1 of Application1 and then you copy it to Buffer2 within Application2 later on, if you are just checking the length of data against Buffer1, it will not ensure that it will not cause a buffer overflow in Buffer2 of Application2.
A bit of reassurance from the ISC2 book about level of Coding Knowledge needed for the exam:
It should be noted that the CISSP is not required to be an expert programmer or know the inner
workings of developing application software code, like the FORTRAN programming language, or how to develop Web applet code using JavA. It is not even necessary that the CISSP know detailed security-specific coding practices such as the major divisions of buffer overflow exploits or the reason for preferring str(n)cpy to strcpy in the C language (although all such knowledge is, of course, helpful). Because the CISSP may be the person responsible for ensuring that security is included in such developments, the CISSP should know the basic procedures and concepts involved during the design and development of software programming. That is, in order for the CISSP to monitor the software development process and verify that security is included, the CISSP must understand the fundamental concepts of programming developments and the security strengths and weaknesses of various application development processes.
The following are incorrect answers:
"Because buffers can only hold so much data" is incorrect. This is certainly true but is not the best answer because the finite size of the buffer is not the problem -- the problem is that the programmer did not check the size of the input before moving it into the buffer.
"Because they are an easy weakness to exploit" is incorrect. This answer is sometimes true but is not the best answer because the root cause of the buffer overflow is that the programmer did not check the size of the user input.
"Because of insufficient system memory" is incorrect. This is irrelevant to the occurrence of a buffer overflow.

Reference:

Hernandez CISSP, Steven (2012-12-21). Official (ISC)2 Guide to the CISSP CBK, Third Edition ((ISC)2 Press) (Kindle Locations 13319-13323). Auerbach Publications. Kindle Edition.

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QUESTION: 131 Topic: 1, Access Control

What is the main focus of the Bell-LaPadula security model?

Accountability
Integrity
Confidentiality
Availability

Answer(s): C

Explanation:

The Bell-LaPadula model is a formal model dealing with confidentiality.
The BellLaPadula Model (abbreviated BLP) is a state machine model used for enforcing access control in government and military applications. It was developed by David Elliott Bell and Leonard J. LaPadula, subsequent to strong guidance from Roger R. Schell to formalize the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) multilevel security (MLS) policy. The model is a formal state transition model of computer security policy that describes a set of access control rules which use security labels on objects and clearances for subjects. Security labels range from the most sensitive (e.g."Top Secret"), down to the least sensitive (e.g., "Unclassified" or "Public").
The BellLaPadula model focuses on data confidentiality and controlled access to classified information, in contrast to the Biba Integrity Model which describes rules for the protection of data integrity. In this formal model, the entities in an information system are divided into subjects and objects.
The notion of a "secure state" is defined, and it is proven that each state transition preserves security by moving from secure state to secure state, thereby inductively proving that the system satisfies the security objectives of the model. The BellLaPadula model is built on the concept of a state machine with a set of allowable states in a computer network system. The transition from one state to another state is defined by transition functions.
A system state is defined to be "secure" if the only permitted access modes of subjects to objects are in accordance with a security policy. To determine whether a specific access mode is allowed, the clearance of a subject is compared to the classification of the object (more precisely, to the combination of classification and set of compartments, making up the security level) to determine if the subject is authorized for the specific access mode.
The clearance/classification scheme is expressed in terms of a lattice. The model defines two mandatory access control (MAC) rules and one discretionary access control (DAC) rule with three security properties:
The Simple Security Property - a subject at a given security level may not read an object at a higher security level (no read-up).
The -property (read "star"-property) - a subject at a given security level must not write to any object at a lower security level (no write-down). The -property is also known as the Confinement property.
The Discretionary Security Property - use of an access matrix to specify the discretionary access control.
The following are incorrect answers:
Accountability is incorrect. Accountability requires that actions be traceable to the user that
performed them and is not addressed by the Bell-LaPadula model.
Integrity is incorrect. Integrity is addressed in the Biba model rather than Bell-LapadulA. Availability is incorrect. Availability is concerned with assuring that data/services are available to authorized users as specified in service level objectives and is not addressed by the Bell-Lapadula model.

Reference:

CBK, pp. 325-326
AIO3, pp. 279 - 284
AIOv4 Security Architecture and Design (pages 333 - 336) AIOv5 Security Architecture and Design (pages 336 - 338)
Wikipedia at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell-La_Padula_model

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QUESTION: 132 Topic: 1, Access Control

Which of the following statements pertaining to the Bell-LaPadula is TRUE if you are NOT making use of the strong star property?

It allows "read up."
It addresses covert channels.
It addresses management of access controls.
It allows "write up."

Answer(s): D

Explanation:

BellLaPadula Confidentiality Model10 The BellLaPadula model is perhaps the most well-known and significant security model, in addition to being one of the oldest models used in the creation of modern secure computing systems. Like the Trusted Computer System Evaluation Criteria (or TCSEC), it was inspired by early U.S. Department of Defense security policies and the need to prove that confidentiality could be maintained. In other words, its primary goal is to prevent disclosure as the model system moves from one state (one point in time) to another.
When the strong star property is not being used it means that both the property and the Simple Security Property rules would be applied.
The Star (*) property rule of the Bell-LaPadula model says that subjects cannot write down, this
would compromise the confidentiality of the information if someone at the secret layer would write the object down to a confidential container for example.
The Simple Security Property rule states that the subject cannot read up which means that a subject at the secret layer would not be able to access objects at Top Secret for example.
You must remember: The model tells you about are NOT allowed to do. Anything else would be allowed. For example within the Bell LaPadula model you would be allowed to write up as it does not compromise the security of the information. In fact it would upgrade it to the point that you could lock yourself out of your own information if you have only a secret security clearance.
The following are incorrect answers because they are all FALSE:
"It allows read up" is incorrect. The "simple security" property forbids read up. "It addresses covert channels" is incorrect. Covert channels are not addressed by the Bell- LaPadula model.
"It addresses management of access controls" is incorrect. Management of access controls are beyond the scope of the Bell-LaPadula model.

Reference:

Hernandez CISSP, Steven (2012-12-21). Official (ISC)2 Guide to the CISSP CBK, Third Edition ((ISC)2 Press) (Kindle Locations 17595-17600). Auerbach Publications. Kindle Edition.

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ISC SSCP Exam (page: 26) ISC SSCP System Security Certified Practitioner (SSCP) Updated on: 25-Dec-2025

QUESTION: 128 Topic: 1, Access Control

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QUESTION: 129 Topic: 1, Access Control

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QUESTION: 130 Topic: 1, Access Control

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QUESTION: 131 Topic: 1, Access Control

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QUESTION: 132 Topic: 1, Access Control

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ISC SSCP Exam (page: 26)
ISC SSCP System Security Certified Practitioner (SSCP)
Updated on: 25-Dec-2025