All of the following nitrogenous bases make up RNA molecules EXCEPT
Answer(s): C
RNA has bases A, C, G, and U. There is no thymine in RNA.
Proteins such as hemoglobin that are comprised of multiple units, or chains, of amino acids exhibit what type of structure?
Answer(s): D
Multi-subunit proteins are said to exhibit quaternary structure. Tertiary structure refers to the 3-D structure created by the interactions between monomers on a single chain of amino acids. Secondary structure refers to the local alpha helices and beta-pleated sheets that portions of an amino acid chain form as a protein twists up into its overall 3-D shape. The primary structure of a protein is simply the linear order of the amino acid chain that makes up the protein and that dictates that secondary and tertiary structures.
The electron carrier in photosynthesis responsible for ferrying electrons from the chloroplast membrane into the stroma of the chloroplast is
Answer(s): A
To distinguish between NADH and NADPH, just remember the "P" in NADPH can stand for photosynthesis (in reality, it stands for the word "phosphate"). NADPH is the exclusive electron carrier of photosynthesis, which is responsible for ferrying electrons from the light reaction to the Calvin Cycle. NADH and FADH., are the carriers in cellular respiration, while ATP and the sugar glucose are not electron carriers at all, but energy molecules.
Significant overlap in the sequence of amino acids of the same protein involved in cell division from two different species indicates that
Answer(s): B
Similar amino acid sequences mean similar DNA sequences, since DN A codes for proteins. This would indicate that the two proteins have a common evolutionary origin, and if many other proteins between the two species were also closely related in amino acid sequence, it would also show that the two species shared a recent common ancestor. Tertiary structures would not be identical unless the proteins were identical, not just similar, and this structure determines function.
In order to splice a foreign gene into a bacterial plasmid in the laboratory to create a recombinant plasmid, one would use
Answer(s): E
Restriction enzymes are specific for cutting certain sequences of DNA and are used for making recombinant DNA. Reverse transcriptase is a viral enzyme used to convert RNA DNA; DNA polymerase is used to copy and replicate DNA; catalase is used in cells to break down hydrogen peroxide, a dangerous side-product of many cellular reactions; and, PCR is used to amplify (copy) short segments of DNA.
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