Political opinion and analysis outside the mainstream rarely are found on television talk shows, and it might be thought that this state of affairs is a product of the political agenda of the television stations themselves. In fact, television stations are driven by the same economic forces as sellers of more tangible goods. Because they must attempt to capture the largest possible share of the television audience for their shows, they air only those shows that will appeal to large numbers of people. As a result, political opinions and analyses aired on television talk shows are typically bland and innocuous.The explanation offered by the author of the passage makes the assumption that
Answer(s): B
Same argument. The author says that opinions outside the mainstream aren't on the talk shows, and concludes that TV stations' drive for large audiences makes the shows bland and innocuous. In the last question, we found one missing piece, and option [bland and innocuous political opinions...] provides another: that bland political opinions are within the mainstream. If they aren't, then why would bland TV appeal to the mainstream? Notice how effectively this assumption links the evidence (no views outside the mainstream on talk shows) with the conclusion (the drive for audience share makes talk shows are bland and innocuous).
Some judges complain about statutes that specify mandatory minimum sentences for criminal offenses. These legal restrictions, they complain, are too mechanical and prevent judges from deciding when a given individual can or cannot be rehabilitated. But that is precisely why mandatory minimum sentences are necessary. History amply demonstrates that when people are free to use their own judgment they invariably believe themselves to act wisely when in fact they are often arbitrary and irrational. There is no reason to think that judges are an exception to this rule.Which one of the following sentences most accurately expresses the main point of the passage?
Answer(s): E
Some judges think that minimum sentences are too restrictive, as they prevent judges from exercising discretion in certain matters. "But," (note the Keyword) the author says this is precisely the problem. So the author must believe that judges shouldn't have the power to make certain kinds of decisions. The rest of the stimulus backs up the notion that judges act arbitrarily when left on their own. So minimum sentences, which remove this discretion, are a good thing after all. E. captures this point.
Conservationist: The population of a certain wildflower is so small that the species is headed for extinction. However, this wildflower can cross-pollinate with a closely related domesticated daisy, producing viable seeds. Such cross-pollination could result in a significant population of wildflower-daisy hybrids. The daisy should therefore be introduced into the wildflower's range, since although the hybrid would differ markedly from the wildflower, hybridization is the only means of preventing total loss of the wildflower in its range.Which one of the following principles, if valid, most helps to justify the conservationist's reasoning?
Answer(s): C
Here's another sad story. The wildflower can't survive without hybridization, but making a wildflower-daisy hybrid would result in a plant that is markedly different from the wildflower. The conservationist is in favor of the hybridization anyway? What principle supports that resolution? We're looking for something that says a hybrid version of the flower is better than no flower at all, and that's what option [It is better to change a type of...] provides. Option [It is better to change a type of...] perfectly supports the notion that a changed wildflower is better than no wildflower, so it serves as the justifying principle we seek.
Conservationist: The population of a certain wildflower is so small that the species is headed for extinction. However, this wildflower can cross-pollinate with a closely related domesticated daisy, producing viable seeds. Such cross-pollination could result in a significant population of wildflower-daisy hybrids. The daisy should therefore be introduced into the wildflower's range, since although the hybrid would differ markedly from the wildflower, hybridization is the only means of preventing total loss of the wildflower in its range.Which one of the following is an assumption on which the conservationist's reasoning depends?
Answer(s): D
Now we need to find an assumption in the same argument. Remember, the author supports hybridization because it will produce viable seeds and lots of flowers. But is that enough? If those flowers themselves cannot reproduce (the denial of option [Wildflower-daisy hybrids will be able.]), then the wildflower is doomed anyway. So the conservationist must be assuming option [Wildflower-daisy hybrids will be able.]
Because of increases in the price of oil and because of government policies promoting energy conservation, the use of oil to heat homes fell by 40 percent from 1970 to the present, and many homeowners switched to natural gas for heating. Because switching to natural gas involved investing in equipment, a significant switch back to oil in the near future is unlikely.The prediction that ends the passage would be most seriously called into question if it were true that in the last few years
Calling into question the prediction just means that you have to weaken the conclusion of the argument. The prediction in this case is that it is unlikely that people will switch back to oil (from natural gas) in the near future.What evidence does the author base this prediction on? The fact that many consumers switched to natural gas between 1970 and the present, and that such a switch to natural gas involved investing in equipment. The author must be assuming that investing in natural gas equipment makes it too expensive or too hard to switch back to using oil. The correct answer choice, then, should do something to attack this assumption. D. does this by telling you that the cost of oil heating equipment has fallen sharply (reducing the cost of switching back to oil) and the price of oil has fallen below the price of gas (making it cheaper to heat your home using oil). Again, you don't need to find an answer choice that suggests that consumers will definitely switch back to oil. You just need the one that calls into question the prediction that they won't.
Parents should not necessarily raise their children in the ways experts recommend, even if some of those experts are themselves parents. After all, parents are the ones who directly experience which methods are successful in raising their own children.Which one of the following most closely conforms to the principle that the passage above illustrates?
The question stem tells us we must locate the principle in the stimulus and then find the choice containing an argument that functions in a similar manner. So this Principle question has a Parallel Reasoning feel to it. The author of the stimulus says that parents shouldn't always listen to the advice of child-rearing experts (whoever they are), because parents are the ones with direct experience. So we're looking for a choice that says "don't listen to the experts, direct experience is what counts." That's option [In deciding the best way to proceed...], which says don't listen to mountain climbing experts that don't know the mountain you are climbing.
Sometimes when their trainer gives the hand signal for "Do something creative together," two dolphins circle a pool in tandem and then leap through the air simultaneously. On other occasions the same signal elicits synchronized backward swims or tail-waving. These behaviors are not simply learned responses to a given stimulus. Rather, dolphins are capable of higher cognitive functions that may include the use of language and forethought.Which one of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument?
This is a Strengthen question so you have to shore up the author's argument. The author concludes that dolphins are capable of higher cognitive functions that may include the use of language and forethought. The evidence for this is that in response to a hand signal for doing something together, sometimes the dolphins do a leap together, and sometimes they swim backwards, and sometimes they wave their tails. The author also asserts that these are not simply learned responses. So the author is assuming that they are coming up with these behaviors on their own. Choice [The dolphins often exhibit complex...] helps the author because if the dolphins exhibit new responses to the hand signal, that supports the assumption that the dolphins are coming up with this on their own, and are not simply repeating learned responses. Think about it: if the behaviors observed were sometimes completely new, they couldn't possibly be learned responses. This strengthens the argument that dolphins are capable of higher cognitive functions and in fact use them when responding to the command "does something creative together."
Editorialist: Drivers with a large number of demerit points who additionally have been convicted of a serious driving-related offense should either be sentenced to jail or be forced to receive driver reeducation, since to do otherwise would be to allow a crime to go unpunished. Only if such drivers are likely to be made more responsible drivers should driver re-education be recommended for them. Unfortunately, it is always almost impossible to make drivers with a large number of demerit points more responsible drivers.If the editorialist's statements are true, they provide the most support for which one of the following?
Answer(s): A
This one has a formal logic feel to it. There are two possibilities for these violators: they should either get jail or re-education. But re-education works only if it will make them more responsible drivers. In other words, if re- education will work, then it will make them more responsible drivers. However, it is almost impossible for these drivers to become more responsible. What follows? Well, if these drivers won't get more responsible, then reeducation won't work. But then the only option for these drivers is jail.
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