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QUESTION: 108 Topic: 1, Access Control

Access Control techniques do not include which of the following?

Rule-Based Access Controls
Role-Based Access Control
Mandatory Access Control
Random Number Based Access Control

Answer(s): D

Explanation:

Access Control Techniques
Discretionary Access Control
Mandatory Access Control
Lattice Based Access Control
Rule-Based Access Control
Role-Based Access Control

Reference:

DUPUIS, Clement, Access Control Systems and Methodology, Version 1, May 2002, CISSP Open Study Group Study Guide for Domain 1, Page 13.

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QUESTION: 109 Topic: 1, Access Control

Which of the following statements relating to the Bell-LaPadula security model is FALSE (assuming the Strong Star property is not being used) ?

A subject is not allowed to read up.
The property restriction can be escaped by temporarily downgrading a high level subject.
A subject is not allowed to read down.
It is restricted to confidentiality.

Answer(s): C

Explanation:

It is not a property of Bell LaPadula model.
The other answers are incorrect because:
A subject is not allowed to read up is a property of the 'simple security rule' of Bell LaPadula model.
The property restriction can be escaped by temporarily downgrading a high level subject can be escaped by temporarily downgrading a high level subject or by identifying a set of trusted objects which are permitted to violate the property as long as it is not in the middle of an operation.
It is restricted to confidentiality as it is a state machine model that enforces the confidentiality aspects of access control.

Reference:

Shon Harris AIO v3 , Chapter-5 : Security Models and Architecture , Page:279-282

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QUESTION: 110 Topic: 1, Access Control

Which of the following logical access exposures INVOLVES CHANGING data before, or as it is entered into the computer?

Data diddling
Salami techniques
Trojan horses
Viruses

Answer(s): A

Explanation:

It involves changing data before , or as it is entered into the computer or in other words , it refers to the alteration of the existing data.
The other answers are incorrect because :
Salami techniques : A salami attack is the one in which an attacker commits several small crimes with the hope that the overall larger crime will go unnoticed.
Trojan horses: A Trojan Horse is a program that is disguised as another program. Viruses:A Virus is a small application , or a string of code , that infects applications.

Reference:

Shon Harris , AIO v3
Chapter - 11: Application and System Development, Page : 875-880
Chapter - 10: Law, Investigation and Ethics , Page : 758-759

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QUESTION: 111 Topic: 1, Access Control

When a biometric system is used, which error type deals with the possibility of GRANTING access to impostors who should be REJECTED?

Type I error
Type II error
Type III error
Crossover error

Answer(s): B

Explanation:

When the biometric system accepts impostors who should have been rejected , it is called a Type II error or False Acceptance Rate or False Accept Rate.
Biometrics verifies an individual's identity by analyzing a unique personal attribute or behavior, which is one of the most effective and accurate methods of verifying identification.
Biometrics is a very sophisticated technology; thus, it is much more expensive and complex than the other types of identity verification processes. A biometric system can make authentication decisions based on an individual's behavior, as in signature dynamics, but these can change over time and possibly be forged.
Biometric systems that base authentication decisions on physical attributes (iris, retina, fingerprint) provide more accuracy, because physical attributes typically don't change much, absent some disfiguring injury, and are harder to impersonate.
When a biometric system rejects an authorized individual, it is called a Type I error (False Rejection Rate (FRR) or False Reject Rate (FRR)).
When the system accepts impostors who should be rejected, it is called a Type II error (False Acceptance Rate (FAR) or False Accept Rate (FAR)). Type II errors are the most dangerous and thus the most important to avoid.
The goal is to obtain low numbers for each type of error, but When comparing different biometric systems, many different variables are used, but one of the most important metrics is the crossover error rate (CER).
The accuracy of any biometric method is measured in terms of Failed Acceptance Rate (FAR) and Failed Rejection Rate (FRR). Both are expressed as percentages. The FAR is the rate at which attempts by unauthorized users are incorrectly accepted as valid. The FRR is just the opposite. It measures the rate at which authorized users are denied access.
The relationship between FRR (Type I) and FAR (Type II) is depicted in the graphic below . As one rate increases, the other decreases. The Cross-over Error Rate (CER) is sometimes considered a good indicator of the overall accuracy of a biometric system. This is the point at which the FRR and the FAR have the same value. Solutions with a lower CER are typically more accurate.
See graphic below from Biometria showing this relationship. The Cross-over Error Rate (CER) is also called the Equal Error Rate (EER), the two are synonymous.

Cross Over Error Rate
The other answers are incorrect:
Type I error is also called as False Rejection Rate where a valid user is rejected by the system. Type III error : there is no such error type in biometric system.
Crossover error rate stated in percentage , represents the point at which false rejection equals the false acceptance rate.

Reference:

http://www.biometria.sk/en/principles-of-biometrics.html
and
Shon Harris, CISSP All In One (AIO), 6th Edition , Chapter 3, Access Control, Page 188-189 and
Tech Republic, Reduce Multi_Factor Authentication Cost

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QUESTION: 112 Topic: 1, Access Control

Which of the following is the FIRST step in protecting data's confidentiality?

Install a firewall
Implement encryption
Identify which information is sensitive
Review all user access rights

Answer(s): C

Explanation:

In order to protect the confidentiality of the data.
The following answers are incorrect because :
Install a firewall is incorrect as this would come after the information has been identified for sensitivity levels.
Implement encryption is also incorrect as this is one of the mechanisms to protect the data once it has been identified.
Review all user access rights is also incorrect as this is also a protection mechanism for the identified information.

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ISC SSCP Exam (page: 22) ISC SSCP System Security Certified Practitioner (SSCP) Updated on: 16-Feb-2026

QUESTION: 108 Topic: 1, Access Control

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QUESTION: 109 Topic: 1, Access Control

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QUESTION: 110 Topic: 1, Access Control

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QUESTION: 111 Topic: 1, Access Control

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QUESTION: 112 Topic: 1, Access Control

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ISC SSCP Exam (page: 22)
ISC SSCP System Security Certified Practitioner (SSCP)
Updated on: 16-Feb-2026