Which one of the following is an authentication method that sends the username and password in cleartext?
Answer(s): A
PAP https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Password_Authentication_ProtocolPassword Authentication Protocol (PAP) is a password-based authentication protocol used by Point to Point Protocol (PPP) to validate users. Almost all network operating system remote servers support PAP. PAP is specified in RFC 1334.PAP is considered a weak authentication scheme (weak schemes are simple and have lighter computational overhead but are much more vulnerable to attack; while weak schemes may have limited application in some constrained environments, they are avoided in general). Among PAP's deficiencies is the fact that it transmits unencrypted passwords (i.e. in plain-text) over the network. PAP is therefore used only as a last resort when the remote server does not support a stronger scheme such as CHAP or EAP.Incorrect answers:SPAP - Shiva Password Authentication Protocol, PAP with encryption for the usernames/passwords that are transmitted.CHAP - calculates a hash, shares the hash with the client system, the hash is periodically validated to ensure nothing has changed.Kerberos - computer-network authentication protocol that works on the basis of tickets to allow nodes communicating over a non-secure network to prove their identity to one another in a secure manner. Its designers aimed it primarily at a client–server model and it provides mutual authentication—both the user and the server verify each other's identity. Kerberos protocol messages are protected against eavesdropping and replay attacks.Kerberos builds on symmetric key cryptography and requires a trusted third party, and optionally may use public-key cryptography during certain phases of authentication.
A ______________is a digital representation of information that identifies you as a relevant entity by a trusted third party.
Digital Signaturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_signatureA digital signature is a mathematical scheme for verifying the authenticity of digital messages or documents. A valid digital signature, where the prerequisites are satisfied, gives a recipient very strong reason to believe that the message was created by a known sender (authentication), and that the message was not altered in transit (integrity).
Modern symmetric ciphers all make use of one or more s-boxes. Both Feistel and non-Feistel ciphers use these s-boxes. What is an s-box?
Substitution box where input bits are replaced https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-boxIn cryptography, an S-box (substitution-box) is a basic component of symmetric key algorithms which performs substitution. In block ciphers, they are typically used to obscure the relationship between the key and the ciphertext — Shannon's property of confusion.
A cryptographic hash function which uses a Merkle tree-like structure to allow for immense parallel computation of hashes for very long inputs. Authors claim a performance of 28 cycles per byte for MD6-256 on an Intel Core 2 Duo and provable resistance against differential cryptanalysis.
Answer(s): D
MD6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MD6The MD6 Message-Digest Algorithm is a cryptographic hash function. It uses a Merkle tree-like structure to allow for immense parallel computation of hashes for very long inputs. Authors claim a performance of 28 cycles per byte for MD6-256 on an Intel Core 2 Duo and provable resistance against differential cryptanalysis.[2] The source code of the reference implementation was released under MIT license.Speeds in excess of 1 GB/s have been reported to be possible for long messages on 16-core CPU architecture.In December 2008, Douglas Held of Fortify Software discovered a buffer overflow in the original MD6 hash algorithm's reference implementation. This error was later made public by Ron Rivest on 19 February 2009, with a release of a corrected reference implementation in advance of the Fortify Report.
What size block does FORK256 use?
Answer(s): B
512 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FORK-256FORK-256 was introduced at the 2005 NIST Hash workshop and published the following year.[6] FORK-256 uses 512-bit blocks and implements preset constants that change after each repetition. Each block is hashed into a 256-bit block through four branches that divides each 512 block into sixteen 32-bit words that are further encrypted and rearranged
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