ESG-Investing Exam Questions and Answers

QUESTION: 51

According to Mercer Consulting, which of the following asset classes has the highest availability of sustainability-themed strategies compared to its asset-class universe?

Real estate
Private debt
Infrastructure

Answer(s): C

Explanation:

Mercer's Findings:

Mercer Consulting's research indicates that infrastructure has a high availability of sustainability- themed strategies. This is due to the inherent characteristics of infrastructure projects, which often involve long-term, tangible assets that can integrate sustainable practices.

Mercer highlights that infrastructure investments are well-suited for sustainability themes due to their potential to contribute to societal goals such as renewable energy, sustainable transportation, and green buildings.

ESG Integration in Infrastructure:

Infrastructure projects provide ample opportunities for ESG integration, from the development phase through to operations and maintenance. These projects can significantly impact environmental and social outcomes, making them a focal point for sustainability-themed strategies.

The CFA Institute notes that infrastructure investments can drive positive ESG outcomes, such as reducing carbon emissions, improving energy efficiency, and enhancing community resilience.

Investor Demand:

There is growing investor demand for sustainability-themed infrastructure investments as they seek to align their portfolios with long-term ESG goals. This demand drives the development and availability of ESG-focused investment strategies in the infrastructure sector.

Mercer reports that the high demand for sustainable infrastructure projects is reflected in the increasing number of investment products and funds dedicated to this asset class.

Case Studies and Examples:

Examples of sustainability-themed infrastructure investments include renewable energy projects (e.g., wind and solar farms), sustainable transport systems (e.g., electric vehicle infrastructure), and green buildings that meet high environmental standards.

The CFA Institute provides case studies demonstrating how infrastructure projects can achieve significant ESG impacts, contributing to both financial returns and societal benefits.

Reference:

Mercer Consulting's report on ESG integration and availability of sustainability-themed strategies by asset class.

CFA Institute, "Environmental, Social, and Governance Issues in Investing: A Guide for Investment Professionals."

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QUESTION: 52

According to the Sustainability Accounting Standards Board (SASB) materiality risk mapping, greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) are most material for the

financial sector
healthcare sector.
infrastructure sector

Answer(s): C

Explanation:

SASB Materiality Map:

The SASB materiality map identifies which sustainability issues are likely to have a material impact on the financial performance of companies in different sectors. For the infrastructure sector, GHG emissions are identified as a key material issue.

SASB's framework emphasizes the financial relevance of GHG emissions for infrastructure companies due to their significant environmental impact and the regulatory and operational risks associated with emissions.

Environmental Impact:

Infrastructure projects, such as transportation systems, energy facilities, and construction projects, have substantial GHG emissions. Managing and mitigating these emissions is crucial for the sustainability and financial performance of companies in this sector.

The CFA Institute notes that the infrastructure sector's environmental footprint makes GHG emissions a critical focus area for ESG integration and risk management.

Regulatory and Market Pressure:

There is increasing regulatory pressure on the infrastructure sector to reduce GHG emissions. Compliance with environmental regulations and participation in carbon markets can have significant financial implications for infrastructure companies.

The SASB framework helps investors understand the material risks associated with GHG emissions and supports companies in improving their environmental performance to meet regulatory and market expectations.

Investor Focus:

Investors are increasingly focused on the ESG performance of infrastructure companies, particularly regarding GHG emissions. This focus is driven by the long-term risks and opportunities associated with climate change and the transition to a low-carbon economy.

The CFA Institute highlights that addressing GHG emissions in the infrastructure sector is essential for aligning investments with sustainability goals and managing long-term risks.

Reference:

Sustainability Accounting Standards Board (SASB) materiality risk mapping.

CFA Institute, "Environmental, Social, and Governance Issues in Investing: A Guide for Investment Professionals."

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QUESTION: 53

Which of the following statements about the Green Claims Directive (GCD) is most accurate? The GCD:

applies to mandatory green claims made by businesses towards consumers
aims to make green claims reliable, comparable, and verifiable across the world.
requires verification by independent auditors before green claims can be made and marketed

Answer(s): B

Explanation:

The Green Claims Directive (GCD) aims to make green claims reliable, comparable, and verifiable across the world. This directive addresses the need for consistency and transparency in the way businesses communicate their environmental claims to consumers.

Reliability: The GCD ensures that green claims made by businesses are based on accurate and substantiated information, preventing misleading claims.

Comparability: By standardizing the criteria and methodologies for green claims, the GCD enables consumers to compare the environmental benefits of different products and services effectively.

Verifiability: The directive requires that green claims be verifiable, meaning that businesses must provide evidence and undergo scrutiny to support their claims, enhancing trust and accountability.

Reference:

MSCI ESG Ratings Methodology (2022) - Discusses the importance of reliability, comparability, and verifiability in ESG disclosures and claims.

ESG-Ratings-Methodology-Exec-Summary (2022) - Highlights the role of regulatory frameworks like the GCD in ensuring transparent and trustworthy green claims.

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QUESTION: 54

When incorporating ESG factors into valuation inputs, which of the following would most likely require the lowest discount rate?

A company with strong ESG practices
A high-growth technology company operating in emerging markets
A company that is judged to have a negative environmental impact

Answer(s): A

Explanation:

When incorporating ESG factors into valuation inputs, a company with strong ESG practices would most likely require the lowest discount rate. This is because strong ESG practices are associated with lower risks, which can lead to more stable and predictable cash flows.

Lower Risk Premium: Companies with robust ESG practices are often perceived as less risky due to better governance, risk management, and sustainability practices. This lowers the risk premium and, consequently, the discount rate.

Stable Cash Flows: Strong ESG practices contribute to long-term sustainability and can lead to more reliable and stable cash flows. This stability justifies a lower discount rate in valuation models.

Positive Market Perception: Companies with strong ESG credentials may enjoy a better reputation and greater investor confidence, which can reduce the cost of capital and support a lower discount rate.

Reference:

MSCI ESG Ratings Methodology (2022) - Highlights the relationship between strong ESG practices and lower financial risk.

ESG-Ratings-Methodology-Exec-Summary (2022) - Discusses how ESG factors are integrated into valuation models and their impact on discount rates.

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QUESTION: 55

Excluding investment in companies with a history of labor infractions is best categorized as a(n):

universal exclusion.
idiosyncratic exclusion.
conduct-related exclusion

Answer(s): C

Explanation:

Excluding investment in companies with a history of labor infractions is best categorized as a conduct-related exclusion. This type of exclusion focuses on the behavior and practices of companies,

particularly in relation to their treatment of employees and adherence to labor standards.

Behavioral Criteria: Conduct-related exclusions target specific behaviors or practices that are deemed unacceptable, such as labor infractions, human rights violations, or environmental harm.

Ethical Considerations: These exclusions are based on ethical and social considerations, aiming to avoid investing in companies that do not meet certain standards of conduct.

Impact on Valuation: By excluding companies with poor labor practices, investors aim to reduce exposure to risks associated with legal liabilities, reputational damage, and operational disruptions.

Reference:

MSCI ESG Ratings Methodology (2022) - Explains different types of exclusion criteria, including conduct-related exclusions, and their rationale.

ESG-Ratings-Methodology-Exec-Summary (2022) - Discusses the importance of considering company behavior in ESG investment strategies.

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CFA ESG-Investing Exam (page: 11) CFA Certificate in ESG Investing Updated on: 09-Feb-2026

QUESTION: 51

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QUESTION: 52

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QUESTION: 53

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QUESTION: 54

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QUESTION: 55

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CFA ESG-Investing Exam (page: 11)
CFA Certificate in ESG Investing
Updated on: 09-Feb-2026