Cola Co. manufactures, markets, sells, and distributes non-alcoholic potables such as Lemcaa and Thunder Up under its brand name Cola and uses green and red logo. Mola Co., a new company, starts manufacturing, marketing, selling, and distributing non-alcoholic potables like Lumca and Cloud Up under its brand name Mola and uses green and red logo.Which of the following violations has been committed by Mola Co.?
Answer(s): B
Trademark infringement is a violation of the exclusive rights attaching to a trademark without the authorization of the trademark owner or any licensees (provided that such authorization was within the scope of the license). Infringement may occur when one party, the 'infringer', uses a trademark that is identical or confusingly similar to a trademark owned by another party, in relation to products or services that are identical or similar to the products or services that the registration covers. An owner of a trademark may commence legal proceedings against a party that infringes its registration. Answer option C is incorrect. Patent laws are used to protect the duplication of software. Software patents cover the algorithms and techniques that are used in creating the software. It does not cover the entire program of the software. Patents give the author the right to make and sell his product. The time of the patent of a product is limited though, i.e., the author of the product has the right to use the patent for only a specific length of time. Answer option A is incorrect. Copyright infringement, also known as copyright violation, is the use of material which is covered by copyright law, in a way that violates one of the original copyright owner's exclusive rights, such as the right to reproduce or perform the copyrighted work, or to make derivative works that build upon it. The slang term bootleg (from the use of boots to smuggle items) is often used to describe illegally copied material. For media such as movies and music, unauthorized copying and distribution is occasionally called piracy or theft. Answer option D is incorrect. Plagiarism is defined as the "use or close imitation of the language and thoughts of another author and the representation of them as one's own original work." While plagiarism in scholarship and journalism has a centuries-old history, the development of the Internet, where articles appear as electronic text, has made the physical act of copying the work of others much easier. Plagiarism is not copyright infringement.While both terms may apply to a particular act, they are different transgressions. Copyright infringement is a violation of the rights of a copyright holder, when material protected by copyright is used without consent. On the other hand, plagiarism is concerned with the unearned increment to the plagiarizing author's reputation that is achieved through false claims of authorship.
In which of the following network topologies does the data travel around a loop in a single direction and pass through each device?
Ring topology is a type of physical network design where all computers in the network are connected in a closed loop. Each computer or device in a Ring topology network acts as a repeater. It transmits data by passing a token around the network in order to prevent the collision of data between two computers that want to send messages at the same time. If a token is free, the computer waiting to send data takes it, attaches the data and destination address to the token, and sends it.When the token reaches its destination computer, the data is copied. Then, the token gets back to the originator. The originator finds that the message has been copied and received and removes the message from the token. Now, the token is free and can be used by the other computers in the network to send data. In this topology, if one computer fails, the entire network goes down.Ring Topology:Answer option A is incorrect. Star topology is a type of physical network design where each computer in the network is connected to a central device, called hub, through an unshielded twisted-pair (UTP) wire. Signals from the sending computer go to the hub and are then transmitted to all the computers in the network. Since each workstation has a separate connection to the hub, it is easy to troubleshoot. Currently, it is the most popular topology used for networks.Star Topology:Answer option C is incorrect. Mesh network topology is a type of physical network design where all devices in a network are connected to each other with many redundant connections. It provides multiple paths for the data traveling on the network to reach its destination. Mesh topology also provides redundancy in the network. It employs the full mesh and partial mesh methods to connect devices. In a full mesh topology network, each computer is connected to all the other computers. In a partial mesh topology network, some of the computers are connected to all the computers, whereas some are connected to only those computers with which they frequently exchange data. Mesh Topology:Answer option D is incorrect. In telecommunication networks, a tree network topology is a combination of two or more star networks connected together. Each star network is a local area network (LAN) in which there is a central computer or server to which all the workstation nodes are directly linked. The central computers of the star networks are connected to a main cable called the bus. Thus, a tree network is a bus network of star networks.The tree network topology is ideal when the workstations are located in groups, with each group occupying a relatively small physical region. An example is a university campus in which each building has its own star network, and all the central computers are linked in a campus-wide system. It is easy to add or remove workstations from each star network. Entire star networks can be added to, or removed from, the bus. If the bus has low loss and/or is equipped with repeaters, this topology can be used in a wide area network (WAN) configuration. The tree topology is shown in the figure below:
Which of the following search engines can be operated by only using a mouse?
Answer(s): D
A selection-based search engine is a search engine system in which the user invokes a search query using only the mouse. A selection-based search system allows the user to search the internet for more information about any keyword or phrase contained within a document or webpage in any software application on his desktop computer using the mouse. In a selection-based search engine, the search engine is available outside of the Web browser and highlighting a word or phrase in any document pops up the search tool. Answer option C is incorrect. A web search engine is designed to search for information on the World Wide Web. The search results are usually presented in a list of results and are commonly called hits. The information may consist of web pages, images, information and other types of files. Some search engines also mine data available in databases or open directories. Unlike Web directories, which are maintained by human editors, search engines operate algorithmically or are a mixture of algorithmic and human input. Answer option A is incorrect. A meta-search engine is also known as a metacrawler. It is a search tool that sends user requests to several other search engines and/or databases and aggregates the results into a single list or displays them according to their source. Meta-search engines enable users to enter search criteria once and access several search engines simultaneously. Meta-search engines operate on the premise that the Web is too large for any one search engine to index it all and that more comprehensive search results can be obtained by combining the results from several search engines. This also may save the user from having to use multiple search engines separately. Examples:Dogpile and Vivisimo. Answer option B is incorrect. There is no such type of search engine.
Which of the following connectors uses the push-pull mechanism to make the connection? Each correct answer represents a complete solution. Choose two.
Answer(s): A,D
The Subscriber connector (SC) and the Lucent connector (LC) use the push-pull mechanism to make the connection. A subscriber connector (SC) is a fiber-optic connector used with multimode fiber. It is a square shaped connector used for terminating fiber optic cables. SC connectors have a push-pull latching mechanism to provide quick insertion and removal while also ensuring a positive connection.Answer options B and C are incorrect. The ST and MT-RJ connectors do not use the push-pull mechanism to make the connection.
Which of the following networking devices interconnects two or more computer networks, and selectively interchanges packets of data between them?
Answer(s): A
A router is a device that routes data packets between computers in different networks. It is used to connect multiple networks, and it determines the path to be taken by each data packet to its destination computer. A router maintains a routing table of the available routes and their conditions. By using this information, along with distance and cost algorithms, the router determines the best path to be taken by the data packets to the destination computer. A router can connect dissimilar networks, such as Ethernet, FDDI, and Token Ring, and route data packets among them. Routers operate at the network layer (layer 3) of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model. A router is a device that interconnects two or more computer networks, and selectively interchanges packets of data between them.Answer option D is incorrect. A bridge is an interconnectivity device that connects two local area networks (LANs) or two segments of the same LAN using the same communication protocols, and provides address filtering between them. Users can use this device to divide busy networks into segments and reduce network traffic. A bridge broadcasts data packets to all the possible destinations within a specific segment. Bridges operate at the data-link layer of the OSI model. Answer option B is incorrect. A hub is a device used to link computers in a network. It connects computers that have a common architecture, such as Ethernet, ARCnet, FDDI, or Token Ring. All hub-computer connections for a particular network use the same type of cable, which can be twisted-pair, coaxial, or fiber-optic. Hubs are generally used in star topology networks. Token Ring hubs are also known as Multistation Access Units (MSAUs). A hub works on the physical layer of the OSI model. Answer option C is incorrect. A switch is a network device that selects a path or circuit for sending a data unit to its next destination. It is not required in smaller networks, but is required in large inter-networks, where there can be many possible ways of transmitting a message from a sender to destination. The function of switch is to select the best possible path.On an Ethernet local area network (LAN), a switch determines from the physical device (Media Access Control or MAC) address in each incoming message frame which output port to forward it to and out of. In a wide area packet-switched network, such as the Internet, a switch determines from the IP address in each packet which output port to use for the next part of its trip to the intended destination.
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